Tnuda

ELF

Extremely Low Frequency and Electric Grids | Frequencies (*): <0Hz – 300hZ

Sources and Uses

Electric grids – residential, public, industrial and commercial buildings
- National grid
- Urban grid and distribution of electricity at street level
- Internal grid in buildings – electricity supply to consumers
- Domestic grid
Domestic equipment and electrical appliances
- Refrigerator, kitchen oven, electric stove, Mixer, toaster, electric kettle, Washing machine, dryer, Boiler for heating water, Air-conditioner, electric heater, Shavers, electric chargers, Iron, TV, sound system, radio

Manufacturing machines, production lines

Electrical equipment in industrial facilities
Inter-urban electric railways
light rail, tram, metro/subway (**)
Electric vehicle, hybrid vehicle
High, subterranean and underwater power lines
Relay stations, central and large transformers, street transformers

(*) According to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) classification

(**) In several frequency ranges

למידע נוסף

Street transformer
Electricity relay station
High power lines – urban electricity supply
Vehicle production line
Electric car connected to charger
Tram

ULF

Ultra Low Frequency | Frequencies (*): 300Hz – 3kHz

Sources and Uses

Maritime communication antennas – communication between ships and submarines (above water)
Transmitters for emergency communication with mines – wireless communication through earth
Electric/hybrid vehicle
Magnetic levitating (Maglev) trains (electric current in the rails)
Tram/metro/subway and power lines for tram/metro/subway (**)
Earthquake prediction by radiofrequency (seismologic research)

(*) According to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) classification
(**) In several frequency ranges

למידע נוסף

Submarine antenna
Maritime communication antenna
Hybrid motor –petrol/electric
Hybrid vehicle - petrol/electricity-powered
Electric power lines for trams
Magnetic levitating (Maglev) train (Japan)

VLF

Very Low Frequency | Frequencies (*): 3kHz-30kHz

Sources and Uses

Antennas for wireless communication with submarines (above the water) (**)
Navigation Systems for ships at sea
Systems for wireless monitoring of medical conditions (heart monitors)

Geological and geophysical research on transmission of radio waves through the ground
Signal transmission for international time zone synchronization (**)

(*) According to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) classification
(**) In several frequency ranges

למידע נוסף

Graph of wireless heart monitoring
Ship navigation system antenna
International time zones - Berlin

LF

Low frequency | Frequencies (*): 30kHz-300kHz

Sources and Uses

Civilian antennas and AM radio transmitters
Tactical military communication and contact systems
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)** - Electronic identification and tracking, tags and theft-prevention devices

Signal transmission for international time zone synchronization (**)
Transmission of data from weather-monitoring stations
Amateur radio (**)

(*) According to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) classification
(**) In several frequency ranges

למידע נוסף

Civilian broadcasting antennas
Military tactical communication antenna
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) antenna
Circuit of identification and tracking tag (RFID)
Antenna for transmission of weather monitoring data

IF (*)

Intermediate Frequency | Frequencies (**): 300Hz-10MHz

Sources and Uses

Tactical Military Communication
Electronic identification and tracking systems – tags, theft-prevention devices and barcode devices (Radio Frequency Identification – RFID) (***)
- Near Field Communication (NFC)
Industrial and military radiofrequency (RF) generators
Diagnostic and therapeutic tools in medicine
- Cochlear implant (helical implant in the auditory canal)
- Cardiac pacemaker
Heating units in industrial RF welding tools

(*) IF is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as comprising frequencies from 300 Hz to 10 MHz, with an overlapping range within the radiofrequency range from 3KHz to 10 MHz
(**) According to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) classification
(***) In several frequency ranges

למידע נוסף

Cochlear implant
Automatic soldering machine
Access control system
Identification and tracking tag
Radiofrequency (RF) generator for electricity
Cash withdrawal by Near Field Communication (NFC)

MF

Medium Frequency | Frequencies (*): 300kHz – 3MHz

Sources and Uses

Civilian AM antennas and transmitters (**)
Shore-to-sea communication
Maritime communication and emergencies

Transmission of maritime meteorological data
Tracking station to locate sea craft at sea
All-directional transmission from beacons for sea craft navigation

(*) According to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) classification
(**) In several frequency ranges

למידע נוסף

Medium Frequency Communication Tower
Shore-to-sea communication station
Maritime control tower
Sea craft locating station
Meteorological forecast data transmitters
Maritime beacon

HF

High Frequency | Frequencies (*): 3MHz-30MHz

Sources and Uses

Communication with no line of vision
- Aviation communication air to ground over the horizon (**)
- Over the horizon radar
Maritime communication, sea to shore control stations
Emergency communications during distress at sea (**)

Global Maritime Distress and Safety System – GMDSS
Electronic identification and tracking systems – tags and theft-prevention devices (Radio Frequency Identification - RFID) (**)
Amateur radio (**)

(*) According to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) classification
(**) In several frequency ranges

למידע נוסף

Long-distance communication from a high mountain
RF radar (old generation)
Communications and control center on ship
Maritime communications – coast guard
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) circuit
Communication over the horizon

VHF

Very High Frequency | Frequencies (*): 30MHz – 300MHz

Sources and Uses

Antennas for FM radio transmission
Antennas for TV transmission
Antennas of ships and maritime fleets
Airway and Seaway communications and control systems, fleet management
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) systems

Communication between aircraft and control bases and land-based control towers (**)
Geodesy
Data transmission from meteorological stations to weather forecasting centers
Amateur radio (**)

(*) According to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) classification
(**) In several frequency ranges

למידע נוסף

TV broadcasting tower
Long distance FM relays
Radio transmission array
Amateur radio antenna
Airway control tower – radio frequency
Hospital MRI equipment

UHF

Ultra High frequency | Frequencies (*): 300MHz – 3GHz

Sources and Uses

TV broadcasting antennas
Microwave line-of-vision antennas and communication
Cellular antennas and communication
- Cellular base stations, Mobile phones, smart phones, portable domestic phones
Antennas and components for wireless data communication networks
- Wireless Local Area Network , Wireless access devices, Micro cell, Repeater, Router

(*) According to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) classification
(**) In several frequency ranges

Navigation instruments
- Satellite navigation communication system (GPS – Global Positioning System)
- Family Radio Service (FRS)
- Direct two-way land communication - General Mobile Radio Service (GMRS)
Data communication equipment for computers
- Laptop computers, Notebook, Tablets, printer, faximila, Bluetooth
Microwave ovens
Walky-talky radio (transmission/reception)
Amateur radio (**)

למידע נוסף

Microwave oven
Mobile phone
Tablet
Laptop computer
walky-talky
Router
Cellular site
TV tower
Structural layers of a mobile phone

SHF

Super High Frequency | Frequencies (*): 3GHz – 30 GHz

Sources and Uses

Satellites
- Civilian communication services
- Commercial TV transmission satellite
- Military intelligence and communication
High Frequency data transmission
- Wireless data network: local area network (LAN) and wireless local area network (WLAN)
- Wi-Fi at a frequency of 3 GHz or more
- Wi-Max communication
Antennas of base stations and mobile phones – advanced generations and others being developed
Installations and relays for microwave communication

Communication antennas for new technologies
Advanced radar stations for location and tracking
- Civilian airports
- Military bases and units
Radar for vehicle accident prevention
Point-to-point microwave communication by directional antenna (**)
Industrial microwave ovens
Amateur radio (**)

(*) According to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) classification
(**) In several frequency ranges

למידע נוסף

Satellite Communication Station
Military satellite
Radio astronomy
Communication and TV satellite
Airport radar
Advanced generation cellular antenna LTE+
Microwave communication station
Military radar alignment

EHF

Extremely High Frequency | Frequencies (*):30 GHz – 300 GHz

Sources and Uses:

Precise point-to-point wireless communication
- Microwaves
- Millimeter waves
Satellite transmission and reception antennas
- Civilian systems
- Military systems
- Navigation
High energy-based weapon systems

Radar Millimeter waves
Remote sensing at microwave frequencies
High frequency microwave relays
Transmitters for data communication and point-to-point internet – high definition (HD) wireless technology (in development)
Radio astronomy research (**)
Amateur radio (**)
"5th Generation" of telecommunication system

(*) According to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) classification
(**) In several frequency ranges

למידע נוסף

Microwave and radio communications site
Modern navigation satellite
Military satellite
Space research satellite
Microwave communications and relay site
Space telescope
"5th Generation" of telecommunication system

IR

Infra Red Radiation | Frequencies: (*) 300GHz – 430THz

Sources and Uses

Sun light (52.7% of the radiation power from the sun reaching earth is IR)
Astronomic objects emitting IR radiation only or in addition to other radiation
Every object on earth emits IR radiation
The human and animal body emit IR radiation
Thermal heating – electric heaters, bonfires, fires
IR lasers for fiber-optic and wireless communication
- Far IR communication: 1.53 -1.56 microns, Near IR radiation–fiber telecommunication 0.7-1.4 microns

Computer and multimedia accessories
Thermal imaging (an alternative to X-ray imaging) – TeraHz frequencies
Measuring and diagnostics in engineering
IR-operated weapons
Night-vision instruments
Meteorology, astronomy, spectroscopy

(*) According to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) classification

למידע נוסף

The sun is a source of IR radiation
IR-guided anti-aircraft missile
Heating element
Hand-held IR laser
Wireless mouse
Galaxy emitting red and IR light
IR radiation from human body
Bonfire heating through IR radiation
Heat energy – earth's core

VIS

Visible Light | Frequencies (*): 430THz-790THz (380-700nm)

Sources and Uses

Light from the sun (44.5% of the solar power reaching the earth's surface is in the range of visible light)
Light from stars, galaxies and other astronomic objects
Hot metals, plasma, incandescent gases
- Wire in incandescent light bulbs (tungsten)
- Fluorescent lamps
- Light-emitting diodes (LED)
TV and computer screens
- Cathode ray tube (CRT), Light-emitting diodes (LED), new liquid-crystal display (LCD) screens, plasma

Human and animal vision
Optical communication
- In the air
- In optic fibers
Visible laser light
- Medical applications (surgery, catheterization)
- Industrial applications
- Pointers
Solar cells for solar energy
Military applications
- Laser-guided weapons
- Individual guidance
Scientific research: astronomy, spectroscopy

למידע נוסף

Fluorescent light bulb
Incandescent light bulb
Fiber optic cable
3D LED screen
Flat LCD screen
Solar cells
Green visible light laser
Star light from the Milky Way galaxy

UV

Ultraviolet Radiation | Frequencies: 30PHz - 790THz (10-380nm)

Sources and Uses

Part of the electromagnetic radiation from the sun comprises of 3 main types of UV radiation: UVA, UVB and UVC. The UV radiation reaching the earth's surface is about 95% of the UVA (wave lengths of 315-380nm). About 5% is UVB (280-315nm). Most of the UVB and the UVC (100-280nm) is absorbed by oxygen in the ozone layer. This radiation may also be emitted by artificial sources, such as halogen lamps
Extremely hot planets
Gas-discharge lights: Fluorescent lamps
Hygiene and well-being
Bacterial purification: drinking water, sewage, medical sterilization
Esthetic treatments: sunbeds, nail polish drying device

UV-based solar cells applying advanced technology
Therapeutic applications and medical treatments (teeth, skin)
UV lasers
- Industrial lasers: engraving, photolithography
- Lasers for research,lighting, communications
Military applications
Data and document security
Scientific research: astronomy, spectroscopy, medicine
Spectrophotometry
Non-destructive investigation of internal structure of bodies

למידע נוסף

Pool water disinfection
UV lamp
Galaxy emitting blue light and UV
Nail polish drying device
Use of UV laser in dentistry
Sun bed
UV laser

X-Rays

X-Rays - Röntgen Radiation | Frequencies: 30PHz-30EHz (0.01-10 nm)

Sources and Uses

Astronomic objects:
Galaxies, binary stars, neutron stars emitting X-rays observable with the space telescope, Background X-radiation in the Milky Way galaxy
Vacuum tubes to produce X-rays for radiography
Ion accelerators to produce X-rays (cyclical particle accelerators): Synchrotron, Cyclotron
Scientific research: astronomy, spectroscopy, medicine
- Study of crystal structure
- Computed tomography
- X-radiation astronomy
- Surface research, plasma physics, microscopy

Medicine and industry
- Static diagnostic and dynamic imaging using computed tomography (CT)
- Therapeutic CT radiography
- Industrial CT radiography, investigation of internal structure of materials (non-destructive)
- Security systems in airports

Military applications
X-ray emitting lasers for industry

למידע נוסף

Computed tomography (CT) equipment for medical imaging
Part of the ion accelerator emits X-rays
Images produced by computed tomography (CT)
Neutron star emits X-rays
Airport security system
Medical X-ray equipment

Gamma-Rays

Gamma radiation (Ɣ) | Frequencies: 30EHz – 300EHz (0.01nm-1pm)

Sources and Uses

Nuclear radioisotopes – applications according to production procedures
Mined non-enriched nuclear materials (uranium mines)
Enriched radioisotopes for fission
Nuclear fission of radioactive material
- Spontaneous (nuclear weapons)
- Controlled (reactors)
Bursts of gamma rays from collapsing astronomical objects, collapsing galaxies
Gamma emission from collision of cosmic radiation with the atmosphere
Gamma emission from transformation of particles into electron-positron energy (annihilation)
Medical applications: sterilization, planned mutations, clinical monitoring and follow-up

Nuclear medicine – Radiotherapy
- Treatment of tumors, medical tracers for radiography
- single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) - 3D imaging in nuclear medicine
- Positron emission tomography (PET) – tomography of energy released through positron-electron annihilation by gamma emissions (energy of 0.511MeV)
Industrial uses: tracers and measuring instruments based on radioactive Co-60 or Cs-137 (tracers), smoke detectors, industrial measurement probes
Non-destructive investigation of the internal structure of materials in the refining, mining, chemical, food, detergent and paper industries
Nuclear energy, nuclear reactors
Military applications, nuclear arms
Scientific research: astronomy, space, nuclear engineering, medicine