FAQ
Fifth Cellular Generation (5G)
Which new technologies will be implemented in the fifth generation?
The fifth generation will use a number of advanced technologies to achieve the performance required from the network. These technologies include the use of numerous very small cellular cells, the use of higher frequencies and application of "beam steering" technologies and MIMO (Multiple In/Multiple Out).
For expansion of the new technologies implemented in the fifth cellular generation
Is the fifth generation cellular technology originally designated as a military technology using very high Intensities that are highly risky to people?
No. The fifth cellular generation is a cellular technology, representing a development of its previous cellular generations. It was intended for civilian and global uses for communication purposes only, and was not developed to meet military needs. It should be noted that, in general, many technologies previously designed for military and security uses have found their way to civilian uses in many diverse areas of our lives. The same is true for various technologies used in wireless communications, including cellular communications in its various generations, and the fifth generation in particular. However, this should not be implicated on the purpose of cellular technology and the degree of human risk.
The transmission power intended for the fifth cellular generation will be similar to those currently available, in previous cellular generations. The smaller cellular sites will even operate at lower powers. It is worth noting that the cellular communication is a short-range communication, and therefore does not require high transmission power, which is completely different from other military uses (such as military radars and various military systems, including weapon systems).
Health effects
Are there studies showing a link between non-ionizing radiation and developing disease?
There is no unequivocal answer to the question of whether non-ionizing radiation (such as that emitted by mobile phones, household cordless phones, wireless communications networks, cellular base stations and the electric power grid) can endanger health or cause disease. Scientists are divided in their opinions on the topic.
Most studies on radiofrequency emissions have focused on the development of different types of cancer, especially brain tumors, acoustic nerve tumors and salivary gland malignancies. Other health outcomes studied were the effects on fertility (e.g. sperm morphology and motility); on brain function (e.g. cognitive function, attention and concentration deficit disorders in children, brain development in babies); on the heart and circulatory system (blood pressure and heart rate); on hearing, saliva (secretion, composition and flow), fat profile of blood, obesity, development of multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, headaches, and the 'non-ionizing radiation hypersensitivity' syndrome.
In 2011 a Working Group of the International Association for Research on Cancer (IARC) stated that there was limited evidence of an increased risk of developing malignant brain tumors (glioma) and benign acoustic nerve tumors among mobile phone users. The Working Group also pointed out that the results of current studies were insufficient for drawing clear conclusions about other types of cancer and/or about occupational or environmental exposure. Based on this conclusion, they classified radiation from radio waves, such as from mobile phones, in Category 2B in the list of carcinogens, thus defining radiofrequency emissions as possibly carcinogenic to humans.
Studies on electric power grids (extremely low frequency, ELF) also focused on the risk of developing cancer, especially leukemia in children; effects on pregnancy outcomes (miscarriages and birth weight); effects on children's behavior, on cognitive function, hormones, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's) and heart diseases.
Population studies have pointed to an increased risk of developing leukemia (a blood cancer) among children who lived in close proximity to high tension wires, compared with children who lived further away. Here too, as for non-ionizing radiation from radiofrequency waves, no unequivocal causal effect between exposure and morbidity has been proven. However, on the basis of these studies the IARC classified non-ionizing radiation at lowest frequencies as 'possibly carcinogenic to humans' (category 2B). To date no link between radiation from the electric power grid and other types of cancer has been established conclusively, neither in children nor in adults.
22.10.2015
Magnetic & electric fields of low frequencies (ELF)
What radiation is emitted from a server room?
Relatively low strength electrical currents and voltages exist in servers and therefore the non-ionizing radiation in their vicinity is at a very low level (servers are not a special source of radiation, that is, the radiation is not generated by transmitters and antennae intentionally, but rather exists as a by-product).
There are magnetic fields on the electricity grid frequency in the vicinity of power sources that use servers. However, at a distance of one meter or more from them, the field level is mostly below the level of a few milliGauss, and complies with the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Environmental Protection recommendations for maximal permitted level of exposure to magnetic fields from electrical appliances.
What is the minimal distance allowed between electrical installations (such as power lines or transformers) and residential homes?
The Ministry of Environmental Protection determines the criteria for distances separating electrical installations from sensitive land use sites such as residences, educational institutions, etc. These criteria depend on a large number of factors, such as the type of installation, the electricity that flows through it, the distance and height of the land use site, relative to the wires through which the electricity flows, the layout of the wires, etc. The Ministry of Environmental Protection website lists the criteria for determining distances between electrical installations and residences, for each type of installation (Hebrew).
Recommendations of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Ministry of Health regarding the maximal allowed level of radiation from electrical installations are:
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2000 milligauss for short-term exposure (momentary exposure)
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4 milligauss daily average for the busiest day (continuous prolonged exposure).
Chronic exposure, or continuous prolonged exposure, is defined as exposure of more than 4 hours daily for more than 5 days a week. Residences, offices, educational institutions, commercial and industrial buildings, etc., are considered locations of chronic exposure.
For precise data on radiation levels, an authorized radiation surveyor may be summoned, from the list of authorized surveyors on the Ministry of Environmental Protection's website (Hebrew).
26.10.15
Do powerline adapters emit stronger or weaker radiation than Wi-Fi (routers and access points)?
Powerline network adapters (working via the electricity network) use information modulation technology (modulation, information construction) on infrastructure wires for transmitting internet communications over short ranges over the home electrical infrastructure.
The modulation is done over a wide range of frequencies, determined by the rate of data transmission and from which the radiation frequencies which could develop during data transmission was determined.
Network adapters utilize two end units, one for receiving the information from the router and data modulation over the electrical infrastructure wires, and another for receiving it in another location.
The radiation levels produced by this technology are very low, because the signals passed through the electricity wires (in house walls) are relatively weak, and because rather than the radiation being produced by a broadcasting antenna (as exists in Wi-Fi technologies), it develops in a “parasitic” manner in the vicinity of the electricity wiring in house walls or in the vicinity of electricity sockets (and the adapters themselves), that do not act as efficient antennae.
Various measurements made for internet powerline network adapters, have shown levels of radiation below one nano-watt (one billionth of a watt) per cm2 at a distance of 1 meter from the electrical wiring – less than one thousandth of the radiation levels produced at a distance of 1 meter from a wireless routers and access points.
It should be noted that there are powerline network adapters that also use wireless technology (for making a wireless connection for cellphones, tablets and computers in the target area), and in these cases they also produce radiation at the 2.45 and 5 GHz frequencies (like the radiation from Wi-Fi networks).
To what degree does exposure to electromagnetic radiation increase when the electrical panel is located inside the house?
Levels of exposure to magnetic fields in the vicinity of electrical panels are mainly dependent on the size of electric currents and the way the conductors are arranged inside the panels. Distance from electrical panels also has a large effect.
The overall value of electrical currents developing inside home electrical panels can reach tens of amperes, as a function of the type of consumer connection to the electric company and the degree of electricity consumption. Exposure levels in the vicinity of the panels may reach several tens of milligauss and even more than this. However, as the distance from the electrical panels increases, exposure levels drop sharply.
The recommended method of reducing exposures to magnetic fields from electrical panels, according to the precautionary principle, is by keeping sufficient distance from the electricity cupboard. Thus, at a distance of 1 meter from the electrical panel, exposure levels drop to a few milligauss. In addition, the location of the electrical cupboard should not be in the walls of residential rooms (in which people may spend prolonged time periods).
What kind of radiation is emitted by hybrid cars?
The hybrid car, as its name implies, combines propulsion based upon energy from traditional fuel and from electric energy that accumulates during motion. Electric currents used in the electric part of propulsion while driving create a surrounding of low frequency magnetic fields. This radiation is defined as non-ionizing radiation from the electricity grid in the Extremely Low Frequency radiation range (ELF).
The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Health Ministry recommendations on the maximal radiation exposure level permissible from electrical appliances are available in the article on electric grids.
The power of magnetic fields created in hybrid cars differs from car to car according to the automobile make and model, and there are even differences between different cars from the same manufacturer and the same model. Also, the distribution of the power of the fields, in the car’s interior, varies from place to place within the car.
At present there are different positions regarding levels of magnetic fields created by hybrid cars and their radiation hazards. Also, the scientific knowledge existing on this subject is limited and there are no clear guidelines regarding their use.
In Israel, the issue of hybrid cars was addressed at length by the Ministry of Environmental Protection which authorized their use. The Ministry conducted extensive tests to examine the exposure to non-ionizing radiation inside hybrid cars and inside regular cars.
A link to data on radiation exposure in hybrid cars (Hebrew) in Israel may be viewed, detailing the average yearly level of exposure in each seat in the various cars checked, according to a stringent assumption of 18 hours average weekly time spent in the car.
Mobile phones
What is the level of exposure to radiation emitted during the use of mobile phones on trains (and other enclosed spaces), and what risk to passengers does this imply?
This question refers to the use of mobile phones in enclosed spaces in general. Anyone in an enclosed public space such as an elevator, a bus, a railroad car or an airplane, in the presence of people conversing on mobile phones, is exposed against his will to noise and radiation, especially when the enclosed space is covered with surface materials that reflect sound and radiation, such as aluminum or steel.
Nevertheless, the degree of exposure to radiation emitted by mobile phones in such enclosed public spaces is not uniform, since it depends on the nature of the space, the material enclosing the space, and its location.
The cellular device regulates its strength of transmission to the minimum required to enable it to make reasonable contact with the nearest base station. In enclosed spaces such as railroad cars, buses, elevators and shelters, the radiation emitted by the cellular device does not spread out, but is reflected, especially if the enclosing material includes aluminum or steel surfaces. Also, if the radiation from the nearest base station does not penetrate the space (due to shielding), or if the antennas are spread wide apart (e.g. as in interurban travel outside populated areas), the device 'strains' to reach the nearest base station; it must transmit at full strength, and emits its maximal level of radiation. Such areas may be readily identified through the level of reception indicated on the mobile phone's screen. It should be noted that under such conditions, people in the vicinity of the user, as well as the user himself, may be exposed to radiation. It should also be mentioned that during train travel of relatively long duration, the extent of exposure to radiation may increase.
The health risk arising from exposure to mobile phone radiation in trains has not been studied specifically, and one must therefore relate to exposure to radiofrequency (RF) radiation in general.
The issue of potential health risks resulting from exposure to non-ionizing radiation has preoccupied the scientific world and policy makers for many years, especially since the mid-1990s, with the introduction of cellular technology. Existing scientific knowledge is still not sufficient to determine whether non-ionizing radiation is harmful to heath. Studies in this field have shown that higher powers of radiofrequency radiation cause heating of the body, to an extent dependent on the distance from the source of radiation. As for lower powers, health effects are still being studied, and no unequivocal conclusions have been reached. In 2011 the World Health Organization classified radiofrequency radiation as 'possibly carcinogenic to humans'(Category 2B in the list of carcinogens). The practical significance of this classification is that educated use should be made of mobile phones and other non-ionizing radiation-emitting technologies, to reduce the exposure to the radiation they emit.
Consequently, most countries and authorities have adopted the precautionary principle with regard to exposure to radiofrequency non-ionizing radiation. This principle supports reduction of exposure to the lowest possible level, while striking a balance between the needs of advanced technology and the protection of human health.
Also, it should be noted that environmental exposure of passengers on a train, caused by others using their mobile phones, is much lower than the personal exposure to a mobile phone user holding the phone close to the body.
22.10.2015
Do anti-radiation stickers on mobile phones reduce radiation exposure?
As a rule, electromagnetic radiation may be blocked or distorted by partial or total absorption or deflection.
A sticker may also fulfil the function of absorption or deflection of electromagnetic radiation, partially or completely, depending on the physical properties of the material of the sticker. Hence, applying a sticker of a certain composition and size may alter the configuration of the electromagnetic waves going from the mobile phone to the user. However, the profile of absorption and deflection of the sticker cannot be gauged, nor whether it comprises materials or technologies that are effective on electromagnetic waves. This also depends on the radiation curve, and on the frequencies and technology of the specific phone in question. It is thus not possible to assess the effect of the sticker on protection against radiation.
To obtain a clearer picture, specific studies on assessments of the profiles of action of specific stickers should be performed. It should be noted that the sticker may even increase the dispersion of radiation towards the user.
Consequently, it cannot be determined whether the user of stickers in general actually reduces the amount of electromagnetic radiation.
